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Text 13

Provenance
Hambukol
Region
Makuria
Findspot
N kom
Excavation no.
 
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
 
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
fragment of epitaph
Date
5 September 1093
Notes
I. Khartoum Greek 19 – 1083
the Era year spelled out
Material
sandstone
Object dimensions
H: 28; W: 20
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
 
Text colour
 
Lines
10
Height of letters
0.8-1.7
Description
lower part of stela in form of rectangular slab
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
only lower part preserved; surface much worn; first three lines illegible
Date
5 September 1093
Chronological systems
Era of the Martyrs
Egyptian calendar
Dating formulae
ⲉⲛ ⲑ[ⲱⲑ ⲙⲏ]ⲛⲟⲥ ⲟⲅⲇⲟⲏ ⲁ[ⲡⲟ] ⲙ[ⲁⲣⲧ(ⲩⲣⲱⲛ)] ⲟⲕⲧⲁⲕⲟⲥⲓⲁ ⲉⲧⲏ ⳤ ⲇⲉⲕⲁ
Transcription
"in the eight (day) of the month Thoth, from the Martyrs eight hundred and ten" (ll. 4–7)
Months
ⲑ[ⲱⲑ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XVIII
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Khartoum Greek 19, pl. 18
Other editions
 
Other publications
CSBE(2), p. 85; CSCN, table 11 on p. 71; Tsakos 2009b, p. 202 (no. 6)
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Text 14

Provenance
Dongola
Region
Makuria
Findspot
Church of Granite Columns, inserted in floor, 40 cm west of pier P 16, 65 cm south of tombstone of Stephanos
Excavation no.
D.14/65-6 (inscr. inv. 10/65-6)
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 23065
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Kel, daughter of Osk..
Date
5 September 785
Notes
'God of the spirits' type (oldest attestation)
the oldest attestation of the Martyrs Era
5 September 785 fell on Monday
Material
marble
Object dimensions
H: 35; W: 34.5; Th: 5
Text dimensions
H: 31; W: 28
Object colour
white with grey-blue stripes
Text colour
 
Lines
24
Height of letters
c. 0.7
Description
square plaque
Decorative elements
inscription itself written in form of Greek cross; additional prayer written between arms of cross
State of preservation
surface much worn, but text completely legible
Date
5 September 785
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Era of the Martyrs
day of the week
Dating formulae
• ⲁⲡⲟ ⳥ ⲫ̄ⲃ︥̄ ⲟⲩⲥⲏⲥ ⲑ︤ⲱ︥︦ⲑ︥ ⲟⲅⲇⲟⲏ ⲏⲙⲉⲣⲁ ⲡⲉⲙⲡⲧⲏ
Transcription
"(in the year) from the Martyrs 502, when it is the eight day of (the month of) Thoth, on the fifth day (of the week) (= Thursday)" (ll. 20–2)
Months
ⲑ︤ⲱ︥︦ⲑ︥
Weakdays
ⲏⲙⲉⲣⲁ ⲡⲉⲙⲡⲧⲏ
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XIX
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
SEG 53 2019
Other editions
Łajtar 1997a, pp. 117–18, no. 1; I. Khartoum Greek 20, pl. 19
Other publications
Jakobielski – Ostrasz 1967/8, p. 133 (a), pl. 25; MacCoull – Worp 1990, p. 383; Łajtar 1996c, p. 107, no. 28; Jakobielski 2001b, p. 30; CSBE(2), p. 82, n. 96, p. 316; Brakmann 2006, p. 305; CSCN, pp. 65–6, 77, 80, table 47 on p. 337, p. 339; Łajtar 2014b, p. 224
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Text 15

Provenance
Dongola
Region
Makuria
Findspot
Church of Granite Columns, chapel adjoining baptistery from east, buried in pavement
Excavation no.
D.42/67-68
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 23063
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Ioannes, protomeizoteros and eparch of Gadera (?); king Zacharias mentioned
Date
14 December 883
Notes
'God of the spirits' type (3rd oldest attestation)
I. Khartoum Greek 21 – 10 December; 14 December, because AM 600 after the leap year
Material
marble
Object dimensions
H: 42.5; W: 37.2; Th: 8
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
grey-blue
Text colour
 
Lines
15
Height of letters
1.5-1.9
Description
lower part of rectangular slab, originally probably twice as high
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
only lower part preserved, but in very good condition
Date
14 December 883
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Era of the Martyrs
king's occurrence
Dating formulae
ⲉⲛ ⲙⲏⲛⲓ ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲭ • ⲓ︦ⲍ︥̄ • ⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲧⲟⲩ ⲁⲡⲟ ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲱⲛ ⲭ̄
Transcription
"in the month Choiak, (day) 17, in the year from the Martyrs 600" (ll. 13–14)
Months
ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲭ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
eparch of Gadera (?) (ⲉⲡⲁⲣⲭⲟⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲅⲁⲇⲏⲣⲱⲛ): l. 12
protomeizoteros (ⲡⲣⲱⲧⲟⲙⲉⲓⲍⲱⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ): ll. 12–13
Augustus (= king?) (ⲁⲩⲅⲟⲩⲥⲧⲟⲩ): l. 13
Toponyms & ethnonyms
Gadera (?) (ⲧⲱⲛ ⲅⲁⲇⲏⲣⲱⲛ): l. 12
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XX
Image
Image not available
Source
Dzierżykray-Rogalski – Jakobielski 1975a, drawing on p. 48
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Khartoum Greek 21, pl. 20
Other editions
Łajtar 1997a, pp. 119–20, no. 3
Other publications
Jakobielski – Krzyżaniak 1967/8, p. 163, pls. 32a, 33; Leclant 1968, p. 123; Leclant 1969, p. 294, pl. 49 (70); Dzierżykray-Rogalski – Jakobielski 1975a, pp. 44–5, drawing on p. 48; Munro-Hay 1982/3, pp. 106–7; Hägg 1990, pp. 159, 162; Gartkiewicz 1990, pp. 258–61, fig. 150; Łajtar 1996c, p. 107, no. 30; Jakobielski 2001b, p. 30; CSBE(2), p. 82; CSCN, p. 68, table 11 on p. 71; Vantini 2009, p. 105 + fig; Godlewski 2013a, p. 57; Łajtar 2014b, p. 227; Berkes 2017, p. 117, table on p. 119
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Text 16

Provenance
Dongola
Region
Makuria
Findspot
kom P, house PCH 1
Excavation no.
D.22/89
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 27595
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Petros, eparch of Nobadia
Date
7 January 798
Notes
'God of the spirits' type (second oldest attestation)
Material
sandstone
Object dimensions
H: 39.6; W: 26.2; Th: 11.6
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
white
Text colour
 
Lines
15
Height of letters
c. 1.5
Description
rectangular slab; epigraphic field surrounded by incised lines; ruling
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
almost completely preserved, apart from 2 small lacunas in lowermost line and a few minor lackings in central part
Date
7 January 798
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
indiction
Era of Diocletian
Dating formulae
ⲙ⸌ⲏ⸍ ⲧⲩⲃⲓ ⲓⲃ • ⲓⲛ⸌ⲇ⸍ ⲋ • ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲁⲡⲟ ⲇⲓⲟⲕⲗⲏ⸌ⲧ⸍ ⲫ̄ⲓ︦ⲇ︥ :
Transcription
"in the month of Tybi, (day) 12, in the 6th indiction, in the year from Diocletian 514" (ll. 7–8)
Months
ⲧⲩⲃⲓ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
eparch of Nobadia (ⲉⲡⲁ[ⲣ]ⲭⲟⲥ ⲧⲏⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲛ[ⲟⲃⲁ]ⲇⲱⲛ ⲭⲱⲣⲁⲥ): ll. 5–7
Toponyms & ethnonyms
Nobadia (ⲧⲏⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲛ[ⲟⲃⲁ]ⲇⲱⲛ ⲭⲱⲣⲁⲥ): ll. 5–7
Nobades (ⲧⲱⲛ ⲛ[ⲟⲃⲁ]ⲇⲱⲛ): l. 6
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XXII
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
SEG 53 2020
Other editions
Łajtar 1991, pp. 157–9 (Ann. Epigr. 1995, 1618); Łajtar 1997a, pp. 122–3, no. 6; I. Khartoum Greek 23, pl. 22
Other publications
Leclant – Clerc 1990, p. 423; Godlewski 1991, pp. 85–6; Hägg 1998, p. 115; Jakobielski 2001b, p. 40; Welsby 2002, p. 62; Catalogue London 2004, pp. 216–7, no. 186; CSBE(2), p. 76, n. 48; Godlewski 2013a, fig. on p. 116
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Text 17

Provenance
Dongola
Region
Makuria
Findspot
kom P, house PCH 1, near tombstone of Petros, close to southern doorjamb of west entrance to north court
Excavation no.
D.31/89
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 27593
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Zacharias (?), priest
Date
24 March 824–24 March 825
Notes
first date reconstructed on the basis of the second one
Material
marble
Object dimensions
H: 28; W: 18; Th: 4.1
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
grey-blue
Text colour
 
Lines
16
Height of letters
1.1-1.2
Description
lower right part of rectangular slab
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
lower right part preserved with right border; put together from three fragments
Date
24 March 824–24 March 825
Chronological systems
Era of the World Creation
Era of the Incarnation
Dating formulae
ⲁⲡⲟ ⲕⲟ]ⲥⲙⲟⲡⲟⲓⲉⲓⲁⲥ ⲏ̇ⲥ [ⲋⲧⲓⲋ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ⲭ︤̄ⲩ︦ ⲱ̄︦ⲓ︦ⲋ̄︥
Transcription
"(in the year) from the Creation of the World [6316 ---, in the year from] (the birth of) Christ 816 [---]" (ll. 10–11)
Months
 
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XXIII
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Khartoum Greek 24, pl. 23
Other editions
Łajtar 1991, pp. 159–62 (Ann. Epigr. 1995, 1618); Łajtar 1997a, pp. 125–6, no. 11
Other publications
Godlewski 1991, p. 85; Jakobielski 2001b, p. 40; CSCN, pp. 193, 199
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Text 18

Provenance
Dongola
Region
Makuria
Findspot
not recorded
Excavation no.
 
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 33148
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Maria
Date
700–999
Notes
 
Material
marble
Object dimensions
H: 27.5; W: 16; Th: 5
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
 
Text colour
 
Lines
6
Height of letters
c. 1.6-3.5
Description
fragment of slab broken above and below
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
fragmentarily preserved; right and possibly left edges original
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
indiction
Dating formulae
ⲙ⸌ⲏ⸍ ⲫ[ ̣]⸌ⲙ⸍ [ ̣ⲓ]ⲛ̣⸌ⲇ⸍ ⲍ̄
Transcription
"in the month of Phamenoth (or Pharmouthi), (day) [number], in the 7th indiction" (ll. 5–6)
Months
ⲫ[ ̣]⸌ⲙ⸍
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XXIV
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Khartoum Greek 25, pl. 24
Other editions
 
Other publications
Łajtar 2014b, n. 1 on p. 221
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Text 19

Provenance
Dongola
Region
Makuria
Findspot
monastery on kom H, room DC, used as slab in paving
Excavation no.
D.1/90
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 27594
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
fragment of epitaph of unidentified woman
Date
700–999
Notes
 
Material
sandstone
Object dimensions
H: 38; W: 17.5; Th: 7
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
grey
Text colour
 
Lines
9
Height of letters
2-2.5
Description
fragment of slab; epigraphic field surrounded by incised lines (preserved only at left); ruling
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
fragment of left side preserved
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Dating formulae
ⲙ⸌ⲏ⸍ ⲉⲡ[ⲉⲓⲫ ---]
Transcription
"in the month of Epeiph [number]" (l. 7)
Months
ⲉⲡ[ⲉⲓⲫ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XXV
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Khartoum Greek 26, pl. 25
Other editions
 
Other publications
Tsakos 2009b, p. 202, no. 3
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Text 20

Provenance
Merowe East (?)
Region
Makuria
Findspot
unknown
Excavation no.
 
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 3826
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Christina
Date
700–999
Notes
 
Material
sandstone
Object dimensions
H: 24.3; W: 16; Th: 3.5
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
grey
Text colour
 
Lines
13
Height of letters
c. 1.9-2
Description
rectangular slab
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
surface much worn, particularly to the bottom where text illegible
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Dating formulae
ⲉⲛ ⲙⲓ̣ⲛ̣ⲏ̣ ⲉⲡⲓⲫⲓ ⲕ̄︤ⲏ︥̄
Transcription
"in the month of Epeiph, (day) 28" (ll. 3–4)
Months
ⲉⲡⲓⲫⲓ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Khartoum Greek, pl. XXV
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Khartoum Greek 30, pl. 29
Other editions
 
Other publications
Łajtar 2014b, p. 224
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Text 21

Provenance
Ghazali
Region
Makuria
Findspot
Shinnie and Chittick’s excavations, cemetery 2, in situ mounted in the mastaba of one of the tombs
Excavation no.
not registered
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 11279
Medium
stela
Technique
incised & painted
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Prochoros, monk
Date
700–999
Notes
'God of the spirits' type
Material
terracotta
Object dimensions
H: 46; W: 37.5; Th: 3.5
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
pink-brown
Text colour
white
Lines
21 (22 reconstructed)
Height of letters
c. 1
Description
Almost complete plaque with complete bottom margin and larger parts of both side margins preserved. Twenty lines of text survive on the front surface; the upper margin along with two more lines of the text is lost. The epigraphic field framed by a raised border with a shallow groove in the middle. From the point of view of the execution technique, the stela constitutes a curiosity: the text was apparently first painted with white paint after firing, and afterwards the letters were incised through the paint. Note, however, that some letters and signs were not cut, only painted: ⲓ in ⲥⲩⲍⲏⲧⲁⲓ in line 13, the supralinear stroke above ⲕ̄ⲉ̄︥ in line 16; the mid-dot after ⲁⲗⲏⲑⲉⲓⲁ in line 17; the supralinear dot above the ⲏ in ⲏ̇ⲯⲩⲭⲏ and the cluster ⲧⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲅⲁ in line 19; and entire lines 20–21. The surface seems to have been painted red. The last line of the text (l. 22) written on the left border, upside down in relation to the main text.
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
upper part lacking; surface eroded beneath breaking
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Dating formulae
ⲉⲛ ⲙⲏⲛⲓ ⲁⲑⲩⲣ ⲓ︦ⲉ︥̄
Transcription
"in the month of Athyr, (day) 15" (l. 6)
Months
ⲁⲑⲩⲣ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
monk (ⲡⲙⲟ̣ⲛ̣ⲁ̣ⲭ̣ⲟ̣ⲩ̣): l. 5
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Ghazali 2
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Ghazali 2
Other editions
Shinnie – Chittick 1961, p. 87, no. 61; I. Khartoum Greek 32, pl. 31
Other publications
Łajtar 1996c, p. 108, no. 32
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Text 22

Provenance
Ghazali
Region
Makuria
Findspot
Shinnie and Chittick’s excavations, cemetery 2, unknown circumstances
Excavation no.
not registered
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 11625
Medium
stela
Technique
incised before firing
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Georgios, deacon
Date
700–999
Notes
'God of the spirits' type
Material
terracotta
Object dimensions
H: 44; W: 40; Th: 3.5
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
brown
Text colour
grey-violet
Lines
15
Height of letters
1.2–3
Description
Six joining pieces forming an incomplete plaque of an elliptical shape, with complete bottom margin, large part of the left margin, and the lower part of the right one preserved. Upper right-hand quarter of the stela and a small fragment of right margin missing. The first line visible on the plaque is most probably not the actual first line of the text – it seems that there was at least one more line containing cross(es) and possibly an invocation or acclamation. The epigraphic field framed by raised border decorated with incised plaited motif. The surface was whitewashed. The letters, the raised border, and the band along the edges (ca. 8 cm wide) painted grey-violet.
Decorative elements
border decorated with incised plaited motif
State of preservation
incomplete; preserved in six fragments glued together; upper and part of right side lacking; surface peeled off
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Dating formulae
ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲏ : ⲓ︦ⲃ︥̄ :
Transcription
"Pharmouthi 12" (l. 14)
Months
ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲏ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
deacon (ⲇⲓⲁⳤ): l. 9
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Ghazali 3
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Ghazali 3
Other editions
Shinnie – Chittick 1961, p. 93, no. 77; I. Khartoum Greek 33, pl. 32
Other publications
Łajtar 1996c, p. 108, no. 33
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Text 23

Provenance
Ghazali
Region
Makuria
Findspot
Shinnie and Chittick’s excavations, khor west of monastery
Excavation no.
not registered
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 11603
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
epitaph of Ioannes
Date
700–999
Notes
 
Material
sandstone
Object dimensions
H: 20; W: 19; Th: 11
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
grey
Text colour
 
Lines
10
Height of letters
1.5-2
Description
Lower right corner of a slab. The epigraphic field framed by an incised line, leaving the outer margins of 1 cm.
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
fragmentary; lower right corner; the very tip of the corner chipped off and the surface of the stone defaced in its lower left part
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
indiction
Dating formulae
[---] ̣ ̣ ⲓ︦ⲛⲇⲓ ⲓ︦ⲁ̣︥̄
Transcription
"in the 11th indiction" (l. 10)
Months
 
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Ghazali 15
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Ghazali 15
Other editions
Shinnie – Chittick 1961, p. 74, no. 13; I. Khartoum Greek 39, pl. 38
Other publications
Lethmayer – Zach 1986, p. 142
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Text 24

Provenance
Ghazali
Region
Makuria
Findspot
Shinnie and Chittick’s excavations, room AA
Excavation no.
not registered
Present location
Sudan National Museum, Khartoum
Museum no.
SNM 11611
Medium
stela
Technique
incised
Type of text
epitaph
Language
Greek
Content
fragment of epitaph of unidentified man
Date
700–999
Notes
 
Material
sandstone
Object dimensions
(a): H: 22; W: 17; Th: 11
(b): H: 27; W: 16; Th: 12
Text dimensions
 
Object colour
grey
Text colour
 
Lines
16
Height of letters
1.2-2.3
Description
Two pieces of a round-topped (?) slab: (a) – upper right corner, (b) – lower left corner. They do not join, but appear to be very close to one another: line 7 of fragment (b) may be the continuation of the first line preserved in fragment (b) or there may be one more line missing.
Decorative elements
 
State of preservation
incomplete; upper right quarter and lower left one preserved with original margins
Date
700–999
Chronological systems
Egyptian calendar
Dating formulae
ⲉⲛ ⲙ︤ⲏ︥ ⲑⲱⲑ ⲉ̣[---]
Transcription
"in the month of Thoth, (day) 5" (l. 8)
Months
ⲑⲱⲑ
Weakdays
 
Feasts
 
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Offices & titles
 
Toponyms & ethnonyms
 
Source
I. Ghazali 76
Image
Image not available
Source
 
Image
Image not available
Latest edition
I. Ghazali 76
Other editions
Shinnie – Chittick 1961, pp. 76–7, nos. 20, 21; I. Khartoum Greek 40, pl. 39a–b
Other publications
 
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